Factoring
If you can determine prime numbers, you alse need to be able to determine non prime numbers. Every non-prime number can be written as a product of a series of primes, like in:
num = p1^n * p2^m * ... * px^zFor example, 39 = 3 x 13 and 819819 = 3^2 x 7^2 x 11 x 13^2. For small numbers (below 200), we, humans, can factor from head. No need for pencil and paper. But for bigger numbers, like 819819 things get a bt more difficult. Even 511 is already hard to factor in your head: 511 = 7 x 73.
So I wrote a factoring program in obc. It relies heavily on the primes program in that it uses a list of primes to walk through. The list is simply generated by
primes 70000 >p70kWhy 70k? Easy. The biggest number to fit in an INTEGER is 2^31. And so it doesn't make sense to search further than 2^15.5 which I roughly estimated to be 70.000 but that was false of course. 2^15.5 = roughly 46000 so I made the list too big. But size doesn't matter. Or does it? Depends on the things we're measuring I guess.
Algorithm
The algorithm is easy:
Factor01 : get the simplest factors
This version only looks for one divisor per prime. It produces, for example:
oxygen:~/Oberon/prime$ ./factor01 819819 Primes read : 6937 3 x 273273 7 x 117117 11 x 74529 13 x 63063Whereas the number 819819 is in fact 3^2 x 7^2 x 11 x 13^2. 273273 is divisible by 3 but that is not detected. Still, factor01 does a good job for an initial version.
The source code
Below is the source code for factor01.mod for the Spivey Obc compiler:
MODULE factor01; (* Find factors in a number *) IMPORT Args, Conv, Files, In, Out; VAR primes : ARRAY 10000 OF INTEGER; noParams : BOOLEAN; factor : INTEGER; PROCEDURE ReadParams; VAR count : INTEGER; option : ARRAY 16 OF CHAR; BEGIN count := Args.argc; IF count = 1 THEN noParams := TRUE ELSE noParams := FALSE; Args.GetArg (1, option); factor := Conv.IntVal (option) END END ReadParams; PROCEDURE Init; VAR inF : Files.File; i, j, n : INTEGER; ch : CHAR; num : ARRAY 12 OF CHAR; BEGIN inF := Files.Open ("p70k", "r"); IF inF = NIL THEN HALT (1) END; j := 0; REPEAT REPEAT Files.ReadChar (inF, ch) UNTIL ch > ' '; i := 0; WHILE ch > ' ' DO num [i] := ch; Files.ReadChar (inF, ch); INC (i) END; n := Conv.IntVal (num); primes [j] := n; INC (j) UNTIL n = 0; Files.Close (inF); Out.String ("Primes read : "); Out.Int (j, 7); Out.Ln END Init; PROCEDURE Split (num : INTEGER); VAR i, j, pri, quo, rem : INTEGER; BEGIN i := 0; LOOP pri := primes [i]; IF pri * pri > num THEN EXIT END; quo := num DIV pri; rem := num MOD pri; IF rem = 0 THEN Out.Int (pri, 1); Out.String (' x '); Out.Int (quo, 1); Out.Ln END; INC (i); END END Split; BEGIN Init; ReadParams; IF noParams THEN LOOP In.Int (factor); IF factor = 0 THEN EXIT END; Split (factor) END ELSE Split (factor) END END factor01.It's all rather straightforward. In 'Init' the primes file is entered into the array, then the command line parameters (if any) are processed and the number is split up in it's factors. As mentioned, this version ran almost without changes. One more example, this time without command tail arguments:
oxygen:~/Oberon/prime$ ./factor01 Primes read : 6937 819 3 x 273 7 x 117 13 x 63 819819 3 x 273273 7 x 117117 11 x 74529 13 x 63063 117117 3 x 39039 7 x 16731 11 x 10647 13 x 9009 0 oxygen:~/Oberon/prime$
Better factoring : factor02
Factor01 did a good job in isolating the major factors. But I want to have all factors. And I need them on one line of output. So the 'Split' routine was slightly changed into:
PROCEDURE Split (num : INTEGER); VAR i, j, pri : INTEGER; BEGIN i := 0; Set up primes array index LOOP Infinite loop pri := primes [i]; Buffer current prime j := 0; Initialize 'powers' counter IF pri * pri > num THEN STOP condition? Out.Int (num, 1); IF so, report to CRT EXIT And leave infinite loop END; . WHILE num MOD pri = 0 DO As long as 'numm' can be divided by 'pri' DO num := num DIV pri; Modify 'num' INC (j) Increment 'powers' counter END; . IF j > 0 THEN Did we have ANY divisors for this prime? Out.Int (pri, 1); If so, print the prime IF j > 1 THEN Was this prime a factor more than once? Out.Char ('^'); If so, print the caret power token Out.Int (j, 1) And the exponent END; . IF num # 1 THEN If num > 1, we're not done yet so Out.String (" x ") print the multiplication sign ELSE ELSE EXIT get the hell out of the infinite loop END . END; . INC (i) Next prime number END; Continue Infinite loop Out.Ln We're out of the LOOP, send an End of Line... END Split;I didn't put the comments in Oberon comment tokens for lazyness on my side. As you can see, num is getting smaller after each detected divisor. So numbers get smaller very fast. Below is a small example of the output of factor02:
oxygen:~/Oberon/prime$ ./factor02 65536 Primes read : 6937 2^16 oxygen:~/Oberon/prime$Indeed, 65536 = 2^16.
Factor02 : the source
Below is the full source code for factor02.mod.
MODULE factor02; (* Find factors in a number *) IMPORT Args, Conv, Files, In, Out; VAR primes : ARRAY 10000 OF INTEGER; noParams : BOOLEAN; factor : INTEGER; PROCEDURE ReadParams; VAR count : INTEGER; option : ARRAY 16 OF CHAR; BEGIN count := Args.argc; IF count = 1 THEN noParams := TRUE ELSE noParams := FALSE; Args.GetArg (1, option); factor := Conv.IntVal (option) END END ReadParams; PROCEDURE Init; VAR inF : Files.File; i, j, n : INTEGER; ch : CHAR; num : ARRAY 12 OF CHAR; BEGIN inF := Files.Open ("p70k", "r"); IF inF = NIL THEN HALT (1) END; j := 0; REPEAT REPEAT Files.ReadChar (inF, ch) UNTIL ch > ' '; i := 0; WHILE ch > ' ' DO num [i] := ch; Files.ReadChar (inF, ch); INC (i) END; n := Conv.IntVal (num); primes [j] := n; INC (j) UNTIL n = 0; Files.Close (inF); Out.String ("Primes read : "); Out.Int (j, 7); Out.Ln END Init; PROCEDURE Split (num : INTEGER); VAR i, j, pri : INTEGER; BEGIN i := 0; LOOP pri := primes [i]; j := 0; IF pri * pri > num THEN Out.Int (num, 1); EXIT END; WHILE num MOD pri = 0 DO num := num DIV pri; INC (j) END; IF j > 0 THEN Out.Int (pri, 1); IF j > 1 THEN Out.Char ('^'); Out.Int (j, 1) END; IF num # 1 THEN Out.String (" x ") ELSE EXIT END END; INC (i) END; Out.Ln END Split; BEGIN Init; ReadParams; IF noParams THEN LOOP In.Int (factor); IF factor = 0 THEN EXIT END; Split (factor) END ELSE Split (factor) END END factor02.I have already explained how the Split routine was changed. So let's just concentrate on some results:
oxygen:~/Oberon/prime$ ./factor02 819819 Primes read : 6937 3^2 x 7^2 x 11 x 13^2 oxygen:~/Oberon/prime$ ./factoe02 81981987 Primes read : 6937 3 x 61 x 283 x 1583 oxygen:~/Oberon/prime$ ./factor02 511 Primes read : 6937 7 x 73It's amazing to see that a big number like 819819 (almost one million) has a highest factor of '13'. This means that the 'higher primes' are only 'used' when trying to factor a very large prime number. Initially, for certain numbers, the output was similar to
oxygen:~/Oberon/prime$ ./fact2 819819 Primes read : 6937 3^2 x 7^2 x 11 x 13^2 x 1where the line ended in the silly looking 'x 1'. It was tackled by the last 'IF' clause of 'Split':
IF num # 1 THEN Out.String (" x ") ELSE EXIT ENDWhen num = 1, we just leave.
Downloads
Instead of typing or using copy/paste you can easily download the full sources. Take care however when you download the files for something else than Linux or Unix: you may have to fix the linefeeds.
Page created 10 Feb 2017,